feat(apple/gamepad): rewrite rumble renderer — bounded divergence + iOS 27 plain-player fix

Ground-up RumbleRenderer rewrite around one principle: rumble is idempotent
state on a lossy channel, and the actuator's divergence from it must be
bounded, not best-effort. The old renderer rebuilt an infinite-duration
CHHapticAdvancedPatternPlayer per 0xCA datagram via an async stop; one stop
lost inside CoreHaptics left an unstoppable player buzzing forever (the
"entered the menu and rumble never stopped" bug).

- Finite 4 s segments, never infinite events — a leaked player self-silences;
  steady levels re-arm seamlessly ON the engine timeline (no stop/start race)
- GamepadFeedback drains the rumble plane DRY per cycle, newest-wins (was one
  datagram per 8 ms through a 16-deep drop-newest queue = lag + shed stops)
- Host 500 ms state refreshes dedupe to a liveness stamp; zero applies
  immediately; nonzero ramps throttle to one rebake/25 ms per motor
- Throwing player stop escalates to engine.stop() (kills leaked players);
  1.6 s staleness watchdog (Policy.session) force-silences on a dead channel;
  the test panel holds levels via Policy.manual
- Plain makePlayer, NEVER makeAdvancedPlayer: gamecontrollerd's controller
  haptics server advertises `adv players: 0`, and iOS 27 beta 2 hard-drops
  advanced loads with an XPC decode fault (-4811/4097, rumble silently dead).
  Live-verified on an iOS 27 beta 2 iPhone: DualSense rumble works
- Split-handle engines fall back to one combined .default engine on repeated
  failure; renderer publishes health transitions and the test panel shows
  them (a refused system service no longer reads as silent app breakage)
- Per-motor sharpness on split handles (0.3 heavy / 0.7 light); macOS
  DualSense raw-HID path gains a ~1 s keepalive re-write while nonzero
- RumbleTuningTests pin the scheduling math, tuning relations, and a
  queue/ticker teardown smoke test

Stuck-rumble streaming repro revalidation on glass still pending.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

.gitea/workflows/deb.yml

@@ -126,6 +126,14 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           for DEB in dist/*.deb; do
             echo "uploading $DEB"
+            # A re-tagged release re-fires this workflow and the apt registry 409s on duplicate
+            # package versions — delete any prior copy of this exact name/version/arch first
+            # (404 on the first publish is fine).
+            NAME=$(dpkg-deb -f "$DEB" Package)
+            VER=$(dpkg-deb -f "$DEB" Version)
+            ARCH=$(dpkg-deb -f "$DEB" Architecture)
+            curl -fsS -o /dev/null --user "enricobuehler:$TOKEN" -X DELETE \
+              "https://$REGISTRY/api/packages/$OWNER/debian/pool/$DISTRIBUTION/$COMPONENT/$NAME/$VER/$ARCH" || true
             # PAT owner (enricobuehler), not the push actor — matches docker.yml's registry login.
             curl -fsS --user "enricobuehler:$TOKEN" --upload-file "$DEB" \
               "https://$REGISTRY/api/packages/$OWNER/debian/pool/$DISTRIBUTION/$COMPONENT/upload"

.gitea/workflows/decky.yml

@@ -122,8 +122,13 @@ jobs:
           TOKEN: ${{ secrets.REGISTRY_TOKEN }}
         run: |
           BASE="https://$REGISTRY/api/packages/$OWNER/generic/$PACKAGE"
-          # 1) Immutable, versioned URL + its update manifest (the manifest's `artifact` points
+          # 1) Versioned URL + its update manifest (the manifest's `artifact` points here, so the
-          #    here, so the published sha256 keeps matching what Decky later downloads).
+          #    published sha256 keeps matching what Decky later downloads). A re-tagged release
+          #    re-fires this workflow and the registry 409s on duplicate uploads — delete any
+          #    prior copy of this version first (404 on the first publish is fine).
+          for f in punktfunk.zip manifest.json; do
+            curl -fsS -o /dev/null --user "enricobuehler:$TOKEN" -X DELETE "$BASE/$VERSION/$f" || true
+          done
           curl -fsS --user "enricobuehler:$TOKEN" --upload-file "$RUNNER_TEMP/punktfunk.zip" \
             "$BASE/$VERSION/punktfunk.zip"
           curl -fsS --user "enricobuehler:$TOKEN" --upload-file "$RUNNER_TEMP/manifest.json" \

.gitea/workflows/flatpak.yml

@@ -133,7 +133,10 @@ jobs:
           TOKEN: ${{ secrets.REGISTRY_TOKEN }}
         run: |
           BASE="https://$REGISTRY/api/packages/$OWNER/generic/$PACKAGE"
-          # 1) Immutable, versioned URL.
+          # 1) Versioned URL. A re-tagged release re-fires this workflow and the registry 409s on
+          #    duplicate uploads — delete any prior copy first (404 on the first publish is fine).
+          curl -fsS -o /dev/null --user "enricobuehler:$TOKEN" -X DELETE \
+            "$BASE/$VERSION/$BUNDLE" || true
           curl -fsS --user "enricobuehler:$TOKEN" --upload-file "$BUNDLE" \
             "$BASE/$VERSION/$BUNDLE"
           echo "published $BASE/$VERSION/$BUNDLE"

.gitea/workflows/rpm.yml

@@ -103,6 +103,14 @@ jobs:
           for rpm in dist/*.rpm; do
             case "$rpm" in *debuginfo*|*debugsource*) echo "skip $rpm"; continue;; esac
             echo "uploading $rpm"
+            # A re-tagged release re-fires this workflow and the rpm registry 409s on duplicate
+            # package versions — delete any prior copy of this exact name/version-release/arch
+            # first (404 on the first publish is fine).
+            NAME=$(rpm -qp --qf '%{NAME}' "$rpm" 2>/dev/null)
+            VR=$(rpm -qp --qf '%{VERSION}-%{RELEASE}' "$rpm" 2>/dev/null)
+            ARCH=$(rpm -qp --qf '%{ARCH}' "$rpm" 2>/dev/null)
+            curl -fsS -o /dev/null --user "enricobuehler:$TOKEN" -X DELETE \
+              "https://$REGISTRY/api/packages/$OWNER/rpm/$GROUP/package/$NAME/$VR/$ARCH" || true
             curl -fsS --user "enricobuehler:$TOKEN" --upload-file "$rpm" \
               "https://$REGISTRY/api/packages/$OWNER/rpm/$GROUP/upload"
           done

CLAUDE.md

@@ -172,7 +172,19 @@ Low-latency desktop/game streaming stack, Linux-first, with a shared Rust protoc
    player LEDs / adaptive triggers → `GCDeviceLight`/`playerIndex`/
    `GCDualSenseAdaptiveTrigger` via the table-driven `DualSenseTriggerEffect` parser).
    Loopback-tested end to end (`PUNKTFUNK_TEST_FEEDBACK=1` scripted burst); DualSense
-   motion sign/scale derived, not yet live-verified. **Gamepad UI (iOS/iPadOS + macOS,
+   motion sign/scale derived, not yet live-verified. **Rumble renderer rewritten
+   (2026-07-02, `RumbleRenderer.swift`)** around "rumble is idempotent state, divergence
+   must be bounded": the old per-datagram infinite-duration CoreHaptics players could leak
+   one dropped async `stop` into a forever-buzzing motor (the stuck-rumble-after-menu bug)
+   — now finite self-expiring segments with seamless engine-timeline re-arm, newest-wins
+   dry drain of the 0xCA plane (was 1 datagram/8 ms), dedupe of the host's 500 ms state
+   refreshes, zero-immediate/ramp-throttled rebakes, escalation to `engine.stop()` on a
+   throwing player stop, and a 1.6 s staleness watchdog (`Policy.session`; the settings
+   test panel uses `.manual` = hold). Controller engines use **plain `makePlayer` — never
+   `makeAdvancedPlayer`**: the controller haptics server (gamecontrollerd) advertises
+   `adv players: 0`, and iOS 27 beta 2 hard-drops advanced-player loads (XPC decode fault →
+   CoreHaptics -4811/4097, rumble silently dead). Unit-tested (`RumbleTuningTests`);
+   stuck-rumble repro on-glass revalidation pending. **Gamepad UI (iOS/iPadOS + macOS,
    2026-07-02 rework):** a connected pad swaps the home for a console-style launcher
    (`Home/Gamepad*` + `Settings/GamepadSettingsView`) — host carousel with a trailing Add
    Host tile (A connect · Y library · X settings · B back), a controller-navigable

clients/apple/Sources/PunktfunkClient/Settings/ControllerTestView.swift

@@ -255,6 +255,10 @@ struct ControllerTestView: View {
                 Toggle("Light motor (right)", isOn: $lightOn)
                 Label("Backend: \(tester.rumbleBackend)", systemImage: "waveform")
                     .font(.geist(12, relativeTo: .caption)).foregroundStyle(.secondary)
+                if let problem = tester.rumbleHealth {
+                    Label(problem, systemImage: "exclamationmark.triangle.fill")
+                        .font(.geist(12, relativeTo: .caption)).foregroundStyle(.orange)
+                }
                 Text("Toggle a motor to feel it. The host maps a game's low/high-frequency "
                     + "rumble onto these two. A DualSense is driven over raw HID (CoreHaptics "
                     + "can't reach its motors on macOS).")

clients/apple/Sources/PunktfunkKit/Gamepad/ControllerTester.swift

@@ -10,13 +10,20 @@ import GameController
 /// a passing test exercises the exact code a session runs.
 @MainActor
 public final class ControllerTester: ObservableObject {
-    private let renderer = RumbleRenderer()
+    // `.manual`: the panel's toggles hold a level until changed — no session wire refreshes
+    // exist here to keep the renderer's staleness watchdog fed.
+    private let renderer = RumbleRenderer(policy: .manual)
     private weak var controller: GCController?
 
     /// The rumble backend now in use — "DualSense HID · USB/Bluetooth", "CoreHaptics", or "—" —
     /// for the test panel to display so it's obvious which path a given pad takes.
     @Published public private(set) var rumbleBackend = "—"
 
+    /// Why rumble structurally cannot work right now (nil = healthy) — e.g. the device's
+    /// haptics service refusing every connection, or a pad with no rumble engine. Shown by the
+    /// test panel so silence diagnoses itself instead of reading as an app bug.
+    @Published public private(set) var rumbleHealth: String?
+
     public init() {}
 
     /// Aim the feedback at a controller (nil releases it). Idempotent — safe to call on every
@@ -24,9 +31,14 @@ public final class ControllerTester: ObservableObject {
     public func target(_ c: GCController?) {
         guard c !== controller else { return }
         controller = c
-        renderer.retarget(c) { [weak self] note in
+        renderer.retarget(
-            Task { @MainActor in self?.rumbleBackend = note }
+            c,
-        }
+            onBackend: { [weak self] note in
+                Task { @MainActor in self?.rumbleBackend = note }
+            },
+            onHealth: { [weak self] problem in
+                Task { @MainActor in self?.rumbleHealth = problem }
+            })
     }
 
     /// Drive both motors at 0...1 amplitudes — low = left/heavy, high = right/light — mapped to

clients/apple/Sources/PunktfunkKit/Gamepad/GamepadFeedback.swift

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ public final class GamepadFeedback {
     private let flag = StopFlag()
     private let drainDone = DispatchSemaphore(value: 0)
     private var drainStarted = false
-    private let rumble = RumbleRenderer()
+    private let rumble = RumbleRenderer(policy: .session)
     private var activeSub: AnyCancellable?
 
     // Last applied feedback (main-actor) — replayed when the active controller changes.
@@ -82,8 +82,21 @@ public final class GamepadFeedback {
                     // poll here starved it and throttled HDR to ~1 fps (SDR, which never drains HDR
                     // meta, was unaffected). Pacing with a short sleep OUTSIDE the lock (below) keeps
                     // rumble/HID latency low while leaving the lock free between polls.
-                    if let r = try connection.nextRumble(timeoutMs: 0), r.pad == 0 {
+                    //
-                        self?.rumble.apply(low: r.low, high: r.high)
+                    // Rumble is idempotent state, so drain the plane DRY and apply only the newest
+                    // level. The old one-datagram-per-cycle shape let a burst outpace the ~125 Hz
+                    // drain: levels rendered up to ~130 ms late through the core's 16-deep queue,
+                    // and its drop-newest overflow could shed a stop while stale nonzero states
+                    // queued ahead of it — buzzing until the host's next 500 ms refresh.
+                    var newest: (low: UInt16, high: UInt16)?
+                    var rumbleBurst = 0
+                    while rumbleBurst < 64, !flag.isStopped,
+                          let r = try connection.nextRumble(timeoutMs: 0) {
+                        if r.pad == 0 { newest = (r.low, r.high) }
+                        rumbleBurst += 1
+                    }
+                    if let n = newest {
+                        self?.rumble.apply(low: n.low, high: n.high)
                     }
                     // Drain a BOUNDED burst of hidout events so sustained 0xCD traffic (a game writing
                     // per-frame LED/trigger reports) can't spin here or block stop() past one cycle.

clients/apple/Sources/PunktfunkKit/Gamepad/RumbleRenderer.swift

@@ -5,28 +5,145 @@ import os
 
 private let log = Logger(subsystem: "io.unom.punktfunk", category: "gamepad")
 
-/// Rumble → CoreHaptics, isolated on one serial queue (CHHapticEngine is not main-bound,
+/// Tuning constants + the pure scheduling decisions of the rumble renderer, split out so the
-/// but it isn't a free-for-all either). Engines are created lazily on the first nonzero
+/// policy is unit-testable without a `CHHapticEngine` or a physical pad.
-/// amplitude and torn down on retarget; players run only while their motor is on, so an
+enum RumbleTuning {
-/// idle controller costs no radio traffic. Failures (pads without haptics, engine resets)
+    /// Haptic segment length. **No event is ever infinite**: a player the renderer loses track
-/// downgrade to silence — rumble is best-effort by design.
+    /// of (a stop dropped inside CoreHaptics, an engine race) self-silences when its segment
-///
+    /// expires, so this is the hard ceiling on how long the actuator can diverge from the
-/// `@unchecked Sendable` is sound because every property (`controller`/`low`/`high`/`broken`) is
+    /// target state.
-/// read and written only inside `queue` closures — the serial queue is the synchronization.
+    static let segmentSeconds: TimeInterval = 4.0
-final class RumbleRenderer: @unchecked Sendable {
+    /// Re-arm the successor segment once the current one has less than this left. Generous
-    private let queue = DispatchQueue(label: "io.unom.punktfunk.haptics", qos: .userInteractive)
+    /// against the ticker period so a steady rumble can never miss the boundary and gap.
+    static let rearmHeadroom: TimeInterval = 1.0
+    /// Renderer ticker period while anything is (or should be) audible. Silence runs no timer.
+    static let tickSeconds: TimeInterval = 0.05
+    /// Minimum spacing between player rebuilds for nonzero→nonzero level changes — a game
+    /// ramping rumble per frame would otherwise stop/start players at 60+ Hz, which is exactly
+    /// the churn that lost stops inside CoreHaptics. Newest level wins when the window opens;
+    /// zero is never throttled.
+    static let minRebakeSeconds: TimeInterval = 0.025
+    /// Session watchdog: silence the motors when no wire command arrived for this long. The
+    /// host re-sends the current rumble state every 500 ms as its loss heal, so this trips only
+    /// after 3 consecutive refreshes vanished — i.e. the channel or host died while audible.
+    static let sessionStaleSeconds: TimeInterval = 1.6
+    /// Levels closer than this (≈0.4 % of full scale) are the same level — an identical host
+    /// refresh must never rebuild a player.
+    static let levelEpsilon: Float = 1.0 / 256.0
+    /// macOS DualSense raw-HID path: re-write an unchanged nonzero level this often so the
+    /// pad's firmware never times the rumble out mid-effect (Bluetooth pads watchdog output
+    /// reports), and a dropped report heals.
+    static let hidKeepaliveSeconds: TimeInterval = 0.9
 
-    /// One actuator's started engine plus the player currently driving it (nil = idle). The
+    /// `CHHapticEvent` sharpness = actuator frequency. A DualSense's voice-coil motors need a
-    /// player is rebuilt per level change — `drive` bakes the target intensity into a fresh
+    /// defined frequency to move at all (an intensity-only event left them silent) while a
-    /// continuous event rather than scaling a long-lived one with a dynamic parameter.
+    /// classic Xbox ERM rotor ignores it. On split-handle pads the wire's two motors render at
+    /// distinct frequencies mirroring the real hardware they emulate — low/left ≈ the heavy
+    /// low-frequency rotor, high/right ≈ the light buzzer; a single combined actuator keeps the
+    /// proven mid value.
+    static let sharpnessLow: Float = 0.3
+    static let sharpnessHigh: Float = 0.7
+    static let sharpnessCombined: Float = 0.5
+
+    /// Wire amplitude (0...0xFFFF) → CoreHaptics intensity (0...1).
+    static func amplitude(_ wire: UInt16) -> Float { Float(wire) / 65535 }
+    /// Wire amplitude → DualSense HID motor byte.
+    static func hidByte(_ wire: UInt16) -> UInt8 { UInt8(wire >> 8) }
+    /// Single-actuator pads render whichever motor is stronger.
+    static func combined(low: UInt16, high: UInt16) -> UInt16 { max(low, high) }
+    /// Are two baked levels the same (skip the rebuild)?
+    static func sameLevel(_ a: Float, _ b: Float) -> Bool { abs(a - b) <= levelEpsilon }
+    /// Time for a segment handoff to act (engine timeline).
+    static func shouldRearm(endsAt: TimeInterval, now: TimeInterval) -> Bool {
+        endsAt - now <= rearmHeadroom
+    }
+    /// When the successor segment starts: exactly as the current one expires — unless that
+    /// already passed (the gap already happened; start now).
+    static func handoffStart(endsAt: TimeInterval, now: TimeInterval) -> TimeInterval {
+        max(endsAt, now)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Rumble → the active physical controller (CoreHaptics; a DualSense on macOS goes over raw HID
+/// instead, see `DualSenseHID`), built around one principle: **rumble is idempotent state on a
+/// lossy channel, and the actuator's divergence from that state must be bounded** — not
+/// best-effort. The previous renderer drove infinite-duration players torn down and rebuilt per
+/// wire update; one asynchronous `stop` dropped inside CoreHaptics left an unstoppable player
+/// buzzing with its handle discarded, which no later (0,0) could reach — the "walked into the
+/// menu and the rumble never stopped" bug.
+///
+/// The invariants that bound divergence now:
+///  1. **No infinite events.** A motor plays finite `segmentSeconds` segments; while the level
+///     holds, the successor is scheduled ON the engine timeline to start exactly when the
+///     current segment expires (seamless — no stop/start race in steady state). A leaked player
+///     therefore self-silences in ≤ `segmentSeconds`.
+///  2. **Idempotent targets.** An update equal to the current target (the host re-sends rumble
+///     state every 500 ms as its loss heal) is a liveness stamp, never a player rebuild.
+///  3. **Zero is immediate, ramps are throttled.** (0,0) stops players the moment it lands;
+///     nonzero→nonzero changes rebuild at most every `minRebakeSeconds` per motor (the ticker
+///     lands the newest value once the window opens).
+///  4. **Escalating stop.** A throwing `player.stop` means the engine's state is unknown — the
+///     whole engine is stopped (silencing every player it hosts) and lazily rebuilt behind the
+///     exponential backoff.
+///  5. **Staleness watchdog** (`Policy.session`): audible with no wire command for
+///     `sessionStaleSeconds` → force silence. A lost stop can outlive the host's 500 ms heal
+///     only if the channel itself died, and then the pad must not buzz forever. `Policy.manual`
+///     (the settings test panel) instead holds a level until it is changed.
+///
+/// Engines are created lazily on the first nonzero amplitude and torn down on retarget;
+/// failures (pads without haptics, engine resets) downgrade to silence — rumble is best-effort
+/// by design, but *staying silent* when told to stop is not.
+///
+/// `@unchecked Sendable` is sound because every property is read and written only inside
+/// `queue` closures — the serial queue is the synchronization.
+final class RumbleRenderer: @unchecked Sendable {
+    /// What an un-refreshed nonzero target means. A live session ties motor life to wire
+    /// liveness (the host refreshes state every 500 ms); the controller test panel holds a
+    /// slider level indefinitely.
+    struct Policy {
+        let staleAfter: TimeInterval?
+        static let session = Policy(staleAfter: RumbleTuning.sessionStaleSeconds)
+        static let manual = Policy(staleAfter: nil)
+    }
+
+    private let queue = DispatchQueue(label: "io.unom.punktfunk.haptics", qos: .userInteractive)
+    private let policy: Policy
+
+    /// One finite haptic play on a motor: the player plus when (engine timeline) it expires.
+    /// A PLAIN pattern player on purpose: the controller haptics server (gamecontrollerd)
+    /// advertises `adv players: 0`, and as of iOS 27 beta 2 an advanced-player sequence load
+    /// doesn't degrade gracefully there — the daemon faults decoding the XPC message and drops
+    /// it (CoreHaptics -4811/4097, rumble dead). We only need `start(atTime:)`/`stop(atTime:)`,
+    /// which the plain protocol has.
+    private struct Segment {
+        let player: CHHapticPatternPlayer
+        let endsAt: TimeInterval
+    }
+
+    /// One actuator's started engine and the segment(s) realizing `level` on it. `retiring` is
+    /// the predecessor across a segment handoff — left to expire naturally (its successor
+    /// starts the instant it ends), but the reference is held so a level change or stop can
+    /// still force-stop it.
     private struct Motor {
         let engine: CHHapticEngine
-        var player: CHHapticAdvancedPatternPlayer?
+        let sharpness: Float
+        var level: Float = 0
+        var current: Segment?
+        var retiring: Segment?
+        var lastRebake = DispatchTime(uptimeNanoseconds: 0)
     }
 
     private var controller: GCController?
     private var low: Motor?
     private var high: Motor?
+    /// Wire-truth target (raw wire units) and when it was last confirmed by any command.
+    private var target: (low: UInt16, high: UInt16) = (0, 0)
+    private var lastCommand = DispatchTime(uptimeNanoseconds: 0)
+    /// Runs while anything is (or should be) audible: staleness watchdog, segment re-arm,
+    /// throttled-level catch-up, engine rebuild after a reset, HID keepalive. Nil while silent,
+    /// so an idle controller costs no timer wakeups and no radio traffic.
+    private var ticker: DispatchSourceTimer?
+
     // `broken` latches OFF only for a controller that genuinely has no haptics engine (an Xbox pad
     // on an OS that doesn't expose rumble through GameController, a Siri Remote) — nothing to retry
     // until the controller changes. A transient engine failure does NOT latch it; it tears down for
@@ -39,86 +156,277 @@ final class RumbleRenderer: @unchecked Sendable {
     // break fires neither stoppedHandler nor resetHandler, so without a cooldown the next rumble
     // update immediately rebuilds into the same dead connection, flooding the log and never
     // recovering. Delay the next setup() — growing 0.5→1→2→4 s on repeated failure — and clear it
-    // the moment a player runs cleanly (or the controller changes).
+    // the moment a player is actually running (or the controller changes).
-    private var retryAfter = Date.distantPast
+    private var retryAfter = DispatchTime(uptimeNanoseconds: 0)
     private var consecutiveFailures = 0
-
+    /// Downgrade after split-handle engines fail: retry with ONE combined `.default` engine —
-    /// CHHapticEvent sharpness = actuator frequency. A DualSense's voice-coil motors need a
+    /// the configuration virtually every iOS game (and this app's own menu haptics) uses — before
-    /// defined frequency to move at all — an intensity-only event (no sharpness) left them
+    /// treating the service as unreachable. A haptics daemon that mishandles per-handle
-    /// silent, while a classic Xbox rotor (which ignores sharpness) rumbled fine. 0.5 is the mid
+    /// localities for a particular pad can still serve the combined engine. One-way per
-    /// value the known-working macOS DualSense rumble implementations use. (Used only on the
+    /// controller; retarget resets it.
-    /// CoreHaptics path — a DualSense on macOS is driven over raw HID instead, see below.)
+    private var preferCombined = false
-    private static let sharpness: Float = 0.5
+    /// Health reporting for the debug test panel: a human-readable problem while rumble cannot
+    /// work (nil = healthy). Without this, a wedged system haptics service (gamecontrollerd
+    /// refusing every XPC connection — CoreHaptics -4811/4097, which no in-app retry can fix)
+    /// reads as "the app's rumble is broken" when actually no app on the device can rumble.
+    private var healthSink: ((String?) -> Void)?
+    private var lastHealth: String?
 
     #if os(macOS)
     /// Set when the active pad is a DualSense: its motors are driven over raw HID (CoreHaptics
     /// does not reach them on macOS — adaptive triggers/lightbar work, rumble is silent). nil for
     /// every other controller, which keeps the CoreHaptics path.
     private var dualSenseHID: DualSenseHID?
+    private var lastHidWrite: (levels: (UInt8, UInt8), at: DispatchTime) =
+        ((0, 0), DispatchTime(uptimeNanoseconds: 0))
     #endif
 
+    init(policy: Policy = .session) {
+        self.policy = policy
+    }
+
     /// `onBackend`, if given, is invoked (on the internal queue) with a human-readable name of the
-    /// rumble backend now in use — for the debug controller-test panel.
+    /// rumble backend now in use; `onHealth` with a problem description whenever rumble transitions
-    func retarget(_ c: GCController?, onBackend: ((String) -> Void)? = nil) {
+    /// between working and structurally failing (nil = healthy) — both for the debug test panel.
+    func retarget(
+        _ c: GCController?, onBackend: ((String) -> Void)? = nil,
+        onHealth: ((String?) -> Void)? = nil
+    ) {
         queue.async {
             self.teardown()
             self.closeHID()
             self.controller = c
             self.broken = false
+            self.preferCombined = false
             self.consecutiveFailures = 0
-            self.retryAfter = .distantPast
+            self.retryAfter = DispatchTime(uptimeNanoseconds: 0)
+            if let onHealth { self.healthSink = onHealth }
+            self.lastHealth = nil
+            self.healthSink?(nil)
             _ = self.openHIDIfDualSense(c)
             onBackend?(self.backendNote(for: c))
+            // The target survives the swap: render replays the current level onto the new pad
+            // right away (a mid-rumble controller change keeps rumbling, like moving a real pad
+            // between hands mid-effect).
+            self.render()
         }
     }
 
+    /// Set the wire-truth target. Called with every 0xCA state the host sends — level changes
+    /// AND the 500 ms refreshes; refreshes stamp liveness for the watchdog and are otherwise
+    /// free (invariant 2).
     func apply(low lowAmp: UInt16, high highAmp: UInt16) {
         queue.async {
+            self.lastCommand = .now()
             let active = lowAmp != 0 || highAmp != 0
             if active != self.wasActive {
                 self.wasActive = active
                 log.debug(
                     "rumble: \(active ? "active" : "stop", privacy: .public) low=\(lowAmp, privacy: .public) high=\(highAmp, privacy: .public)")
             }
-            // A DualSense on macOS is driven over raw HID; CoreHaptics is the path for every
+            guard (lowAmp, highAmp) != self.target else { return }
-            // other pad (and for a DualSense whose HID device could not be opened).
+            self.target = (lowAmp, highAmp)
-            if self.hidRumble(low: lowAmp, high: highAmp) { return }
+            self.render()
-            guard !self.broken else { return }
-            if active, self.low == nil, self.high == nil, Date() >= self.retryAfter {
-                self.setup()
-            }
-            let ok: Bool
-            if self.high != nil {
-                // Per-handle: low = left/heavy motor, high = right/light — the XInput convention
-                // the wire carries.
-                let okLow = self.drive(&self.low, Float(lowAmp) / 65535)
-                let okHigh = self.drive(&self.high, Float(highAmp) / 65535)
-                ok = okLow && okHigh
-            } else {
-                // Combined engine: whichever motor is stronger wins.
-                ok = self.drive(&self.low, Float(max(lowAmp, highAmp)) / 65535)
-            }
-            // Rebuild on the next nonzero amplitude if an engine errored — and tear down OUTSIDE
-            // the `inout` accesses above, so teardown() never mutates a motor that a `drive` call
-            // still holds an exclusive reference to. Back off so a broken XPC isn't re-hit every
-            // update; once a player is actually running the path has recovered, so clear the backoff.
-            if !ok {
-                self.teardown()
-                self.scheduleRetryBackoff()
-            } else if self.low?.player != nil || self.high?.player != nil {
-                self.consecutiveFailures = 0
-                self.retryAfter = .distantPast
-            }
         }
     }
 
+    /// Silence the motors and drop the engines. Blocks until done — call off the main actor.
     func stop() {
         queue.sync {
+            self.ticker?.cancel()
+            self.ticker = nil
+            self.target = (0, 0)
+            self.wasActive = false
             self.teardown()
             self.closeHID()
         }
     }
 
+    // MARK: - Reconciliation (all on `queue`)
+
+    /// Drive the actuators toward `target`. Idempotent — safe to call from every wire update,
+    /// tick, and retarget; when everything already matches it does nothing.
+    private func render() {
+        defer { updateTicker() }
+        if renderHID() { return }
+        guard !broken else { return }
+        let audible = target.low != 0 || target.high != 0
+        if audible, low == nil, high == nil, DispatchTime.now() >= retryAfter {
+            setup()
+        }
+        // Reconcile BOTH motors (no short-circuit skipping the second on a first-motor error),
+        // and tear down OUTSIDE the `inout` accesses so teardown() never mutates a motor a
+        // reconcile call still holds an exclusive reference to.
+        let ok: Bool
+        if high != nil {
+            // Per-handle: low = left/heavy motor, high = right/light — the XInput convention
+            // the wire carries.
+            let okLow = reconcile(&low, to: RumbleTuning.amplitude(target.low))
+            let okHigh = reconcile(&high, to: RumbleTuning.amplitude(target.high))
+            ok = okLow && okHigh
+        } else {
+            let mixed = RumbleTuning.combined(low: target.low, high: target.high)
+            ok = reconcile(&low, to: RumbleTuning.amplitude(mixed))
+        }
+        if !ok {
+            let wasSplit = high != nil
+            teardown()
+            scheduleRetryBackoff()
+            if wasSplit, !preferCombined {
+                preferCombined = true
+                log.info("rumble: split-handle engines failing — will retry with one combined engine")
+            }
+        } else if low?.current != nil || high?.current != nil {
+            // A player is actually running — the path has recovered; clear the backoff.
+            consecutiveFailures = 0
+            retryAfter = DispatchTime(uptimeNanoseconds: 0)
+            reportHealth(nil)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Publish a health transition to the test panel (deduped — transitions only).
+    private func reportHealth(_ problem: String?) {
+        guard problem != lastHealth else { return }
+        lastHealth = problem
+        healthSink?(problem)
+    }
+
+    /// Watchdog + housekeeping heartbeat while audible.
+    private func tick() {
+        if let after = policy.staleAfter, target != (0, 0), seconds(since: lastCommand) > after {
+            // The host refreshes rumble state every 500 ms; this much silence means the channel
+            // (or host) died while a motor was on. A direct-connected pad would have been
+            // stopped by its game long ago — force the same outcome.
+            log.warning(
+                "rumble: no wire refresh for \(after, format: .fixed(precision: 1), privacy: .public)s — auto-silencing")
+            target = (0, 0)
+        }
+        render()
+    }
+
+    /// Drive one motor toward `desired`, per the invariants above. Returns false when the
+    /// engine errored — the caller then tears everything down (outside this `inout` access) for
+    /// a lazy, backoff-gated rebuild.
+    private func reconcile(_ slot: inout Motor?, to desired: Float) -> Bool {
+        guard var m = slot else { return true }
+        defer { slot = m }
+        // Release a handed-off predecessor once it has expired on its own.
+        if let r = m.retiring, m.engine.currentTime >= r.endsAt + 0.25 {
+            m.retiring = nil
+        }
+        if desired <= RumbleTuning.levelEpsilon {
+            guard m.level > 0 || m.current != nil || m.retiring != nil else { return true }
+            m.level = 0
+            return stopSegments(&m)
+        }
+        if RumbleTuning.sameLevel(desired, m.level), m.current != nil {
+            return rearmIfNeeded(&m)
+        }
+        // Nonzero level change. Throttled: the ticker re-runs render() and lands the newest
+        // value once the window opens (zero above is never throttled).
+        if m.current != nil, seconds(since: m.lastRebake) < RumbleTuning.minRebakeSeconds {
+            return true
+        }
+        guard stopSegments(&m) else { return false }
+        do {
+            m.current = try makeSegment(
+                m.engine, sharpness: m.sharpness, amplitude: desired, at: CHHapticTimeImmediate)
+            m.level = desired
+            m.lastRebake = .now()
+            return true
+        } catch {
+            // A transient failure (the engine stopped/reset between its handler firing and now).
+            // Signal a rebuild — do NOT latch rumble off for the session.
+            log.warning("rumble: haptic start failed — rebuilding: \(error, privacy: .public)")
+            return false
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Keep a steady level seamless across the finite-segment boundary: when the current
+    /// segment nears its end, start the successor ON the engine timeline exactly as it expires
+    /// — no stop call, no race, no gap. The old segment is kept as `retiring` until it dies
+    /// naturally, so a level change can still force-stop it.
+    private func rearmIfNeeded(_ m: inout Motor) -> Bool {
+        guard let cur = m.current else { return true }
+        let now = m.engine.currentTime
+        guard RumbleTuning.shouldRearm(endsAt: cur.endsAt, now: now) else { return true }
+        // A predecessor still held this deep into the segment already expired; drop it.
+        m.retiring = nil
+        do {
+            let next = try makeSegment(
+                m.engine, sharpness: m.sharpness, amplitude: m.level,
+                at: RumbleTuning.handoffStart(endsAt: cur.endsAt, now: now))
+            m.retiring = m.current
+            m.current = next
+            return true
+        } catch {
+            log.warning("rumble: segment re-arm failed — rebuilding: \(error, privacy: .public)")
+            return false
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Stop every segment on the motor NOW. False = a stop threw, so the engine's real state is
+    /// unknown (a player may still run with its handle gone) — the caller must escalate to a
+    /// full engine teardown, whose `engine.stop()` silences every player the engine hosts.
+    private func stopSegments(_ m: inout Motor) -> Bool {
+        var ok = true
+        for seg in [m.current, m.retiring].compactMap({ $0 }) {
+            do {
+                try seg.player.stop(atTime: CHHapticTimeImmediate)
+            } catch {
+                log.warning(
+                    "rumble: player stop failed — escalating to engine stop: \(error, privacy: .public)")
+                ok = false
+            }
+        }
+        m.current = nil
+        m.retiring = nil
+        return ok
+    }
+
+    /// Build + start one finite continuous event at `amplitude`. `at` is `CHHapticTimeImmediate`
+    /// or an absolute engine-timeline instant (a scheduled handoff). The intensity is BAKED into
+    /// the event: a fixed event scaled by a dynamic `.hapticIntensityControl` parameter drives
+    /// the iPhone Taptic Engine but is silent on a controller's haptic engine.
+    private func makeSegment(
+        _ engine: CHHapticEngine, sharpness: Float, amplitude: Float, at start: TimeInterval
+    ) throws -> Segment {
+        let event = CHHapticEvent(
+            eventType: .hapticContinuous,
+            parameters: [
+                CHHapticEventParameter(parameterID: .hapticIntensity, value: amplitude),
+                CHHapticEventParameter(parameterID: .hapticSharpness, value: sharpness),
+            ],
+            relativeTime: 0,
+            duration: RumbleTuning.segmentSeconds)
+        let player = try engine.makePlayer(
+            with: CHHapticPattern(events: [event], parameters: []))
+        try player.start(atTime: start)
+        let begins = start == CHHapticTimeImmediate ? engine.currentTime : start
+        return Segment(player: player, endsAt: begins + RumbleTuning.segmentSeconds)
+    }
+
+    /// The ticker runs only while something needs tending — any nonzero target (watchdog,
+    /// throttle catch-up, HID keepalive, post-reset engine rebuild) or segments still alive.
+    private func updateTicker() {
+        let needed = target != (0, 0)
+            || low?.current != nil || low?.retiring != nil
+            || high?.current != nil || high?.retiring != nil
+        if needed, ticker == nil {
+            let t = DispatchSource.makeTimerSource(queue: queue)
+            t.schedule(
+                deadline: .now() + RumbleTuning.tickSeconds, repeating: RumbleTuning.tickSeconds)
+            t.setEventHandler { [weak self] in self?.tick() }
+            t.resume()
+            ticker = t
+        } else if !needed, let t = ticker {
+            t.cancel()
+            ticker = nil
+        }
+    }
+
+    // MARK: - Engine lifecycle
+
     /// Engines per handle when the pad distinguishes them (low = left/heavy motor,
     /// high = right/light — the Xbox/XInput convention the wire carries); one combined
     /// engine otherwise, driven by whichever amplitude is stronger.
@@ -130,20 +438,28 @@ final class RumbleRenderer: @unchecked Sendable {
             // the controller changes; latch off (retarget clears it) and say so once.
             log.info("rumble: active controller exposes no haptics engine — rumble unavailable")
             broken = true
+            reportHealth("This controller exposes no rumble engine to apps on this OS.")
             return
         }
         let localities = haptics.supportedLocalities
-        if localities.contains(.leftHandle), localities.contains(.rightHandle) {
+        let split =
-            low = makeMotor(haptics, .leftHandle)
+            !preferCombined && localities.contains(.leftHandle)
-            high = makeMotor(haptics, .rightHandle)
+            && localities.contains(.rightHandle)
+        if split {
+            low = makeMotor(haptics, .leftHandle, sharpness: RumbleTuning.sharpnessLow)
+            high = makeMotor(haptics, .rightHandle, sharpness: RumbleTuning.sharpnessHigh)
         } else {
-            low = makeMotor(haptics, .default)
+            low = makeMotor(haptics, .default, sharpness: RumbleTuning.sharpnessCombined)
         }
         if low == nil, high == nil {
             // Haptics present but no engine could be built right now (server busy / XPC broken). Do
-            // NOT latch broken — back off and the next nonzero amplitude past the cooldown retries.
+            // NOT latch broken — back off and a later render past the cooldown retries.
             log.warning("rumble: haptics present but engine setup failed — backing off, will retry")
             scheduleRetryBackoff()
+            if split {
+                preferCombined = true
+                log.info("rumble: split-handle engines failing — will retry with one combined engine")
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -153,10 +469,20 @@ final class RumbleRenderer: @unchecked Sendable {
     private func scheduleRetryBackoff() {
         consecutiveFailures += 1
         let shift = min(consecutiveFailures - 1, 4)
-        retryAfter = Date().addingTimeInterval(min(0.5 * Double(1 << shift), 4))
+        retryAfter = .now() + min(0.5 * Double(1 << shift), 4)
+        if consecutiveFailures >= 2 {
+            // One failure is a hiccup; repeated ones are the wedged-service signature (every
+            // XPC connection to gamecontrollerd.haptics breaks — no app on the device can
+            // rumble until it relaunches). Say so instead of failing silently.
+            reportHealth(
+                "The system haptics service is refusing connections — no app can rumble a "
+                    + "controller right now. Rebooting the device usually clears it.")
+        }
     }
 
-    private func makeMotor(_ haptics: GCDeviceHaptics, _ locality: GCHapticsLocality) -> Motor? {
+    private func makeMotor(
+        _ haptics: GCDeviceHaptics, _ locality: GCHapticsLocality, sharpness: Float
+    ) -> Motor? {
         guard let engine = haptics.createEngine(withLocality: locality) else { return nil }
         // A controller's motors carry no audio, so keep this engine OUT of the app's audio session
         // (the default is to join it). Streaming keeps an AVAudioSession active the whole time;
@@ -167,7 +493,8 @@ final class RumbleRenderer: @unchecked Sendable {
         // audio-session interruption (a call, Siri, another audio app), or a server crash. Left
         // unhandled the players go dead and every later rumble throws, latching rumble off for the
         // rest of the session (the "rumble worked, then went spotty" failure). Tear down on the
-        // serial queue so the next nonzero amplitude lazily rebuilds the engine, instead.
+        // serial queue; the ticker (or the next wire update) lazily rebuilds the engine and
+        // re-renders the still-current target.
         engine.stoppedHandler = { [weak self] reason in
             log.info("rumble: haptic engine stopped (reason \(reason.rawValue, privacy: .public)) — will rebuild")
             self?.queue.async { self?.teardown() }
@@ -177,72 +504,42 @@ final class RumbleRenderer: @unchecked Sendable {
             self?.queue.async { self?.teardown() }
         }
         do {
-            // Start the engine now; the player that actually moves the motor is built per level
+            // Start the engine now; the players that actually move the motor are the finite
-            // change in `drive` (a fresh event baked at the target intensity).
+            // segments `reconcile` bakes per level.
             try engine.start()
-            return Motor(engine: engine, player: nil)
+            return Motor(engine: engine, sharpness: sharpness)
         } catch {
             log.warning("haptic engine setup failed (\(locality.rawValue, privacy: .public)): \(error, privacy: .public)")
             return nil
         }
     }
 
-    /// Drive one motor at `amplitude` (0...1) by (re)building a continuous player whose intensity
-    /// is BAKED into the event. On a DualSense this is what actually moves the actuators: a
-    /// fixed-intensity event scaled by a dynamic `.hapticIntensityControl` parameter (the old
-    /// path) drives the iPhone Taptic Engine but is silent on a controller's haptic engine. The
-    /// event carries an explicit sharpness (frequency) so the voice coils respond, and an infinite
-    /// duration so a single host update — the host sends rumble only when the level changes —
-    /// sustains until the next one. Returns false if the engine errored; the caller tears down for
-    /// a rebuild (done outside this `inout` access to avoid an exclusivity violation).
-    private func drive(_ motor: inout Motor?, _ amplitude: Float) -> Bool {
-        guard var m = motor else { return true }
-        // Replace any running player: stop the old, and for a zero level leave the motor idle.
-        try? m.player?.stop(atTime: CHHapticTimeImmediate)
-        m.player = nil
-        guard amplitude > 0 else { motor = m; return true }
-        do {
-            let event = CHHapticEvent(
-                eventType: .hapticContinuous,
-                parameters: [
-                    CHHapticEventParameter(parameterID: .hapticIntensity, value: amplitude),
-                    CHHapticEventParameter(parameterID: .hapticSharpness, value: Self.sharpness),
-                ],
-                relativeTime: 0,
-                duration: TimeInterval(GCHapticDurationInfinite))
-            let player = try m.engine.makeAdvancedPlayer(
-                with: CHHapticPattern(events: [event], parameters: []))
-            try player.start(atTime: CHHapticTimeImmediate)
-            m.player = player
-            motor = m
-            return true
-        } catch {
-            // A transient failure (the engine stopped/reset between its handler firing and now).
-            // Signal a rebuild — do NOT latch rumble off for the session (the old "spotty" bug).
-            log.warning("rumble: haptic update failed — rebuilding: \(error, privacy: .public)")
-            motor = m
-            return false
-        }
-    }
-
     private func teardown() {
         for m in [low, high].compactMap({ $0 }) {
             // Disarm the handlers before stopping so stop() can't re-enter teardown via them.
             // (Both properties are non-optional closures on this SDK, so assign no-ops, not nil.)
             m.engine.stoppedHandler = { _ in }
             m.engine.resetHandler = {}
-            try? m.player?.stop(atTime: CHHapticTimeImmediate)
+            for seg in [m.current, m.retiring].compactMap({ $0 }) {
+                try? seg.player.stop(atTime: CHHapticTimeImmediate)
+            }
+            // The authoritative silencer: a stopped engine plays nothing, including any player
+            // whose individual stop was dropped.
             m.engine.stop()
         }
         low = nil
         high = nil
     }
 
+    private func seconds(since t: DispatchTime) -> TimeInterval {
+        TimeInterval(DispatchTime.now().uptimeNanoseconds - t.uptimeNanoseconds) / 1_000_000_000
+    }
+
     // MARK: - DualSense raw-HID rumble (macOS)
     //
     // On macOS the DualSense's motors aren't reachable through CHHapticEngine, so for a DualSense
     // we drive them over raw HID (see `DualSenseHID`); every other pad keeps the CoreHaptics path.
-    // All three run on the serial `queue`, like the rest of the renderer state.
+    // Runs on the serial `queue`, like the rest of the renderer state.
 
     private func openHIDIfDualSense(_ c: GCController?) -> Bool {
         #if os(macOS)
@@ -256,12 +553,19 @@ final class RumbleRenderer: @unchecked Sendable {
         #endif
     }
 
-    /// Drive the DualSense's motors over HID if that's the active backend; false → not a HID pad,
+    /// Write the target to the DualSense over HID if that's the active backend; false → not a
-    /// so the caller uses CoreHaptics. The wire's 0...0xFFFF amplitudes scale to the pad's 0...255.
+    /// HID pad, so the caller renders via CoreHaptics. Deduped on the pad's 0...255 resolution,
-    private func hidRumble(low: UInt16, high: UInt16) -> Bool {
+    /// with a periodic keepalive re-write while nonzero (the ticker calls back in here).
+    private func renderHID() -> Bool {
         #if os(macOS)
         guard let hid = dualSenseHID else { return false }
-        hid.rumble(low: UInt8(low >> 8), high: UInt8(high >> 8))
+        let levels = (RumbleTuning.hidByte(target.low), RumbleTuning.hidByte(target.high))
+        let keepalive = levels != (0, 0)
+            && seconds(since: lastHidWrite.at) > RumbleTuning.hidKeepaliveSeconds
+        if levels != lastHidWrite.levels || keepalive {
+            hid.rumble(low: levels.0, high: levels.1)
+            lastHidWrite = (levels, .now())
+        }
         return true
         #else
         return false
@@ -270,8 +574,9 @@ final class RumbleRenderer: @unchecked Sendable {
 
     private func closeHID() {
         #if os(macOS)
-        dualSenseHID?.close()
+        dualSenseHID?.close() // writes (0,0) before releasing
         dualSenseHID = nil
+        lastHidWrite = ((0, 0), DispatchTime(uptimeNanoseconds: 0))
         #endif
     }
 

clients/apple/Tests/PunktfunkKitTests/RumbleTuningTests.swift

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+import XCTest
+
+@testable import PunktfunkKit
+
+/// Pins the rumble renderer's pure scheduling/mapping decisions and the relations between its
+/// tuning constants that the design depends on (see `RumbleRenderer`'s invariants). No
+/// CHHapticEngine or physical pad involved.
+final class RumbleTuningTests: XCTestCase {
+    func testAmplitudeMapsWireRangeToUnitInterval() {
+        XCTAssertEqual(RumbleTuning.amplitude(0), 0)
+        XCTAssertEqual(RumbleTuning.amplitude(0xFFFF), 1)
+        XCTAssertEqual(RumbleTuning.amplitude(0x8000), Float(0x8000) / 65535, accuracy: 1e-6)
+        // Monotonic — a stronger wire value can never render weaker.
+        XCTAssertLessThan(RumbleTuning.amplitude(0x1000), RumbleTuning.amplitude(0x2000))
+    }
+
+    func testHidByteMapsWireRangeToPadRange() {
+        XCTAssertEqual(RumbleTuning.hidByte(0), 0)
+        XCTAssertEqual(RumbleTuning.hidByte(0xFFFF), 255)
+        XCTAssertEqual(RumbleTuning.hidByte(0x8000), 0x80)
+    }
+
+    func testCombinedActuatorRendersStrongerMotor() {
+        XCTAssertEqual(RumbleTuning.combined(low: 0x4000, high: 0x8000), 0x8000)
+        XCTAssertEqual(RumbleTuning.combined(low: 0x8000, high: 0x4000), 0x8000)
+        XCTAssertEqual(RumbleTuning.combined(low: 0, high: 0), 0)
+    }
+
+    func testLevelDedupeEpsilon() {
+        // An identical host refresh (and LSB jitter) is the same level — no player rebuild.
+        XCTAssertTrue(RumbleTuning.sameLevel(0.5, 0.5))
+        XCTAssertTrue(RumbleTuning.sameLevel(0.5, 0.5 + RumbleTuning.levelEpsilon))
+        // A real level change is not.
+        XCTAssertFalse(RumbleTuning.sameLevel(0.5, 0.5 + RumbleTuning.levelEpsilon * 3))
+        XCTAssertFalse(RumbleTuning.sameLevel(0, 1))
+    }
+
+    func testRearmDecision() {
+        let ends: TimeInterval = 100
+        XCTAssertFalse(
+            RumbleTuning.shouldRearm(endsAt: ends, now: ends - RumbleTuning.rearmHeadroom - 0.1))
+        XCTAssertTrue(
+            RumbleTuning.shouldRearm(endsAt: ends, now: ends - RumbleTuning.rearmHeadroom + 0.1))
+        // Even a segment already past its end re-arms (the gap already happened; recover).
+        XCTAssertTrue(RumbleTuning.shouldRearm(endsAt: ends, now: ends + 1))
+    }
+
+    func testHandoffStartsAtSegmentEndNeverInThePast() {
+        // Successor starts exactly at the predecessor's end...
+        XCTAssertEqual(RumbleTuning.handoffStart(endsAt: 100, now: 99.5), 100)
+        // ...unless that instant already passed — then start immediately, not in the past.
+        XCTAssertEqual(RumbleTuning.handoffStart(endsAt: 100, now: 100.5), 100.5)
+    }
+
+    func testPolicies() {
+        // The session policy ties motor life to wire liveness; the manual (test-panel) policy
+        // holds a level indefinitely.
+        XCTAssertNotNil(RumbleRenderer.Policy.session.staleAfter)
+        XCTAssertNil(RumbleRenderer.Policy.manual.staleAfter)
+    }
+
+    /// Exercise the renderer's queue/ticker machinery without a physical pad: a wire-rate call
+    /// storm, an audible target left to the ticker (watchdog path), then `stop()` — which runs
+    /// `queue.sync` against the same serial queue the ticker fires on and must not deadlock.
+    func testRendererSurvivesCallStormAndTeardownWithoutController() {
+        let renderer = RumbleRenderer(policy: .session)
+        renderer.retarget(nil)
+        for i in 0..<500 {
+            renderer.apply(
+                low: i % 2 == 0 ? 0x8000 : 0, high: UInt16(truncatingIfNeeded: i &* 37))
+        }
+        // Leave a nonzero target long enough for the ticker to spin a few times.
+        renderer.apply(low: 0x4000, high: 0x4000)
+        Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: 0.2)
+        renderer.stop()
+    }
+
+    func testTuningRelationsTheDesignDependsOn() {
+        // The watchdog must tolerate a couple of lost 500 ms host refreshes (heals, not gaps)
+        // but trip well before a stuck rumble reads as "still going".
+        XCTAssertGreaterThan(RumbleTuning.sessionStaleSeconds, 2 * 0.5)
+        XCTAssertLessThanOrEqual(RumbleTuning.sessionStaleSeconds, 2.5)
+        // Re-arm headroom must clear several ticker periods, or a steady rumble could miss the
+        // segment boundary and gap.
+        XCTAssertGreaterThanOrEqual(
+            RumbleTuning.rearmHeadroom, 4 * RumbleTuning.tickSeconds)
+        // The headroom must fit inside a segment, or re-arm would trigger instantly forever.
+        XCTAssertLessThan(RumbleTuning.rearmHeadroom, RumbleTuning.segmentSeconds)
+        // The rebake throttle must be far under the host refresh period, or refreshed level
+        // changes would queue behind it; and under a frame at 30 fps so ramps stay smooth.
+        XCTAssertLessThan(RumbleTuning.minRebakeSeconds, 1.0 / 30)
+        // The ticker (which lands throttled levels) must outpace the HID keepalive and the
+        // watchdog, or those deadlines could be overshot by a full period.
+        XCTAssertLessThan(RumbleTuning.tickSeconds, RumbleTuning.hidKeepaliveSeconds)
+        XCTAssertLessThan(RumbleTuning.tickSeconds, RumbleTuning.sessionStaleSeconds)
+    }
+}