feat(clients): render-scale setting on every client — shared punktfunk_core::render_scale

Client-side supersampling/downscaling: the client asks the host to render
and encode at chosen-resolution × scale (the host does no scaling) and the
presenter rescales the decoded frame to the display. >1 supersamples for
sharpness; <1 lightens the host GPU and the link. Default 1.0 = Native, the
prior behavior.

The geometry lives once in punktfunk_core::render_scale (multiply, preserve
aspect ratio, floor to even, clamp to the codec's per-axis ceiling — 4096
for H.264, 8192 otherwise), the Rust twin of the Apple client's
RenderScale.swift, consumed by the native session client, the presenter's
match-window path, the Windows/Linux settings UIs, Decky, and Android
(settings + host connect + unit test).

Implemented and platform-verified by the Apple-client-features session
(Linux+Android+Apple green there); the punktfunk-core wiring
(pub mod render_scale) is restored here after being lost in a working-tree
reconciliation.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

clients/android/app/src/main/kotlin/io/unom/punktfunk/HostConnect.kt

@@ -30,7 +30,13 @@ suspend fun connectToHost(
 ): Long {
     // Advertise HDR only when the user enabled it AND this device's display can present it (else the
     // host sends a proper SDR stream rather than PQ the panel would mis-tone-map).
-    val (w, h, hz) = settings.effectiveMode(context)
+    val (baseW, baseH, hz) = settings.effectiveMode(context)
+    // Render scale: ask the host for `chosen mode × scale` (even + codec-clamped) — > 1 supersamples
+    // (the compositor downscales the larger decoded frame to the SurfaceView), < 1 renders under
+    // native. 1.0 leaves the resolved mode untouched.
+    val (w, h) = RenderScale.apply(
+        baseW, baseH, settings.renderScale, RenderScale.maxDimension(settings.codec)
+    )
     val hdrEnabled = settings.hdrEnabled && displaySupportsHdr(context)
     // "Automatic" resolves to a concrete pad type from the connected controller's VID/PID.
     val gamepadPref = Gamepad.resolvePref(settings.gamepad)

clients/android/app/src/main/kotlin/io/unom/punktfunk/Settings.kt

@@ -16,6 +16,14 @@ data class Settings(
     val height: Int = 0,
     val hz: Int = 0,
     val bitrateKbps: Int = 0,
+    /**
+     * Render-resolution multiplier: the client asks the host to render/encode at `chosen mode ×
+     * renderScale` and the compositor downscales the larger decoded frame to the SurfaceView
+     * (`> 1` supersamples for sharpness, at more bandwidth AND decode; `< 1` renders under native
+     * for a lighter host/link). `1.0` = Native. Applied at connect via [RenderScale.apply], clamped
+     * even + to the codec's max dimension. Mirrors the Apple/Linux clients' render scale.
+     */
+    val renderScale: Double = 1.0,
     /**
      * Advertise HDR (10-bit BT.2020 PQ) to the host. Default on, but only *effective* on a panel that
      * can actually present HDR10 (see [displaySupportsHdr]) — on an SDR display HDR is never
@@ -137,6 +145,7 @@ class SettingsStore(context: Context) {
         height = prefs.getInt(K_H, 0),
         hz = prefs.getInt(K_HZ, 0),
         bitrateKbps = prefs.getInt(K_BITRATE, 0),
+        renderScale = prefs.getFloat(K_RENDER_SCALE, 1.0f).toDouble(),
         hdrEnabled = prefs.getBoolean(K_HDR, true),
         compositor = prefs.getInt(K_COMPOSITOR, 0),
         gamepad = prefs.getInt(K_GAMEPAD, 0),
@@ -171,6 +180,7 @@ class SettingsStore(context: Context) {
             .putInt(K_H, s.height)
             .putInt(K_HZ, s.hz)
             .putInt(K_BITRATE, s.bitrateKbps)
+            .putFloat(K_RENDER_SCALE, s.renderScale.toFloat())
             .putBoolean(K_HDR, s.hdrEnabled)
             .putInt(K_COMPOSITOR, s.compositor)
             .putInt(K_GAMEPAD, s.gamepad)
@@ -193,6 +203,7 @@ class SettingsStore(context: Context) {
         const val K_H = "height"
         const val K_HZ = "hz"
         const val K_BITRATE = "bitrate_kbps"
+        const val K_RENDER_SCALE = "render_scale"
         const val K_HDR = "hdr_enabled"
         const val K_COMPOSITOR = "compositor"
         const val K_GAMEPAD = "gamepad"
@@ -281,6 +292,54 @@ fun Settings.effectiveMode(context: Context): Triple<Int, Int, Int> {
     return Triple(w, h, hz)
 }
 
+/**
+ * Client-side render-scale geometry — the Kotlin twin of `punktfunk-core`'s `render_scale` module
+ * (and the Apple client's `RenderScale`). Multiply a base size, preserve aspect, even-floor (the
+ * host rejects odd sizes), and clamp uniformly to the codec's per-axis ceiling so a connect can't
+ * ask for a size the encoder rejects. `1.0` = Native. Pure + covered by [RenderScaleTest].
+ */
+object RenderScale {
+    val PRESETS = listOf(0.5, 0.67, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0)
+
+    /** H.264 tops out at 4096 px/axis; HEVC/AV1/auto at 8192 — the host's `codec.rs` walls. */
+    fun maxDimension(codec: String): Int = if (codec == "h264") 4096 else 8192
+
+    /** Clamp a raw multiplier into [0.5, 4.0]; a missing / non-positive / NaN value → 1.0. */
+    fun sanitize(raw: Double): Double = if (raw > 0.0) raw.coerceIn(0.5, 4.0) else 1.0
+
+    /** "Native (1×)" / "1.5×" / "2× · supersample" — the picker label. */
+    fun label(scale: Double): String = when {
+        scale == 1.0 -> "Native (1×)"
+        scale > 1.0 -> "${trim(scale)}× · supersample"
+        else -> "${trim(scale)}×"
+    }
+
+    private fun trim(s: Double): String =
+        if (s == s.toLong().toDouble()) s.toLong().toString() else s.toString()
+
+    /** Apply [scale] to a base size → a host-valid even, aspect-preserved, codec-clamped (w, h). */
+    fun apply(baseW: Int, baseH: Int, scale: Double, maxDim: Int): Pair<Int, Int> {
+        val s = sanitize(scale)
+        var w = maxOf(baseW, 1) * s
+        var h = maxOf(baseH, 1) * s
+        val cap = maxDim.toDouble()
+        val over = maxOf(w / cap, h / cap)
+        if (over > 1.0) {
+            w /= over
+            h /= over
+        }
+        return Pair(evenFloor(w, 320), evenFloor(h, 200))
+    }
+
+    private fun evenFloor(value: Double, minimum: Int): Int {
+        val v = maxOf(kotlin.math.floor(value).toInt(), minimum).coerceAtLeast(0)
+        return v / 2 * 2
+    }
+}
+
+/** (scale, label) for the render-scale picker. `1.0` = Native. */
+val RENDER_SCALE_OPTIONS = RenderScale.PRESETS.map { it to RenderScale.label(it) }
+
 // ---- UI option tables (value, label). The first entry is always the "auto/native" default. ----
 
 /** (width, height, label). `(0,0)` = native display. */

clients/android/app/src/main/kotlin/io/unom/punktfunk/SettingsScreen.kt

@@ -333,6 +333,15 @@ private fun DisplaySettings(s: Settings, update: (Settings) -> Unit, context: an
             update(s.copy(bitrateKbps = kbps))
         }
 
+        SettingDropdown(
+            label = "Render scale",
+            options = RENDER_SCALE_OPTIONS,
+            // Snap the stored value (a Float round-tripped to Double) to the nearest preset so the
+            // exact Double keys match. > 1 supersamples for sharpness (more bandwidth AND decode);
+            // < 1 renders under native for a lighter host — this device resamples to the display.
+            selected = RenderScale.PRESETS.minByOrNull { kotlin.math.abs(it - s.renderScale) } ?: 1.0,
+        ) { scale -> update(s.copy(renderScale = scale)) }
+
         // AV1 is only offered when the device has a real AV1 decoder (it's never advertised to the
         // host otherwise, so preferring it would be a dead setting). A stored "av1" from a capable
         // device stays visible so the selection is always representable.

clients/android/app/src/test/kotlin/io/unom/punktfunk/RenderScaleTest.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+package io.unom.punktfunk
+
+import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
+import org.junit.Assert.assertTrue
+import org.junit.Test
+
+/**
+ * Pure JVM test of the client-side render-scale geometry ([RenderScale]) — the Kotlin twin of
+ * `punktfunk-core`'s `render_scale` module. Run: `./gradlew :app:testDebugUnitTest`.
+ */
+class RenderScaleTest {
+    @Test
+    fun sanitizeClampsAndDefaults() {
+        assertEquals(1.0, RenderScale.sanitize(0.0), 0.0) // absent / zero → Native
+        assertEquals(1.0, RenderScale.sanitize(-2.0), 0.0)
+        assertEquals(1.0, RenderScale.sanitize(Double.NaN), 0.0)
+        assertEquals(0.5, RenderScale.sanitize(0.1), 0.0) // below the floor
+        assertEquals(4.0, RenderScale.sanitize(9.0), 0.0) // above the ceiling
+        assertEquals(1.5, RenderScale.sanitize(1.5), 0.0)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun maxDimensionIsCodecAware() {
+        assertEquals(4096, RenderScale.maxDimension("h264"))
+        assertEquals(8192, RenderScale.maxDimension("hevc"))
+        assertEquals(8192, RenderScale.maxDimension("av1"))
+        assertEquals(8192, RenderScale.maxDimension("auto"))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun nativeIsIdentity() {
+        assertEquals(1920 to 1080, RenderScale.apply(1920, 1080, 1.0, 8192))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun supersampleDoubles() {
+        assertEquals(3840 to 2160, RenderScale.apply(1920, 1080, 2.0, 8192))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun underRenderHalves() {
+        assertEquals(960 to 540, RenderScale.apply(1920, 1080, 0.5, 8192))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun resultsAreEven() {
+        // 1366×768 × 1.5 = 2049×1152 → even-floored to 2048×1152.
+        val (w, h) = RenderScale.apply(1366, 768, 1.5, 8192)
+        assertEquals(0, w % 2)
+        assertEquals(0, h % 2)
+        assertEquals(2048 to 1152, w to h)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun overCeilingClampsUniformly() {
+        // 4K × 4 = 15360×8640; both exceed 8192 → width lands on cap, 16:9 kept (8192×4608).
+        val (w, h) = RenderScale.apply(3840, 2160, 4.0, 8192)
+        assertTrue(w <= 8192 && h <= 8192)
+        assertEquals(8192 to 4608, w to h)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun h264CeilingIsTighter() {
+        // 1080p × 4 = 7680×4320; under H.264's 4096 wall → 4096×2304.
+        assertEquals(4096 to 2304, RenderScale.apply(1920, 1080, 4.0, 4096))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun minimumFloorHonoured() {
+        val (w, h) = RenderScale.apply(400, 300, 0.5, 8192)
+        assertTrue(w >= 320 && h >= 200)
+    }
+}

clients/decky/main.py

@@ -896,8 +896,8 @@ class Plugin:
         except (OSError, json.JSONDecodeError):
             # The client's own defaults (native display, host-default bitrate, auto pad).
             return {
-                "width": 0, "height": 0, "refresh_hz": 0, "bitrate_kbps": 0,
-                "codec": "auto", "gamepad": "auto", "compositor": "auto",
+                "width": 0, "height": 0, "refresh_hz": 0, "render_scale": 1.0,
+                "bitrate_kbps": 0, "codec": "auto", "gamepad": "auto", "compositor": "auto",
                 "inhibit_shortcuts": True, "mic_enabled": False,
             }
 

clients/decky/src/backend.ts

@@ -99,6 +99,7 @@ export interface StreamSettings {
   width: number; // 0 = native
   height: number; // 0 = native
   refresh_hz: number; // 0 = native
+  render_scale?: number; // render-resolution multiplier; 1.0 = native (absent in pre-scale files)
   bitrate_kbps: number; // 0 = host default
   codec?: string; // "auto" | "hevc" | "h264" | "av1" — soft preference (absent in pre-codec files)
   gamepad: string; // "auto" | "xbox360" | "xboxone" | "dualsense" | "dualshock4" | "steamdeck"

clients/decky/src/settings.tsx

@@ -25,6 +25,10 @@ const RESOLUTIONS: [number, number, string][] = [
   [2560, 1440, "2560 × 1440"],
 ];
 const REFRESH = [0, 30, 60, 90, 120];
+// Render-resolution multipliers (mirrors punktfunk_core::render_scale::PRESETS). 1.0 = native.
+const RENDER_SCALES = [0.5, 0.67, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0];
+const renderScaleLabel = (x: number): string =>
+  x === 1 ? "Native (1×)" : x > 1 ? `${x}× · supersample` : `${x}×`;
 const GAMEPADS = ["auto", "xbox360", "xboxone", "dualsense", "dualshock4", "steamdeck"];
 const GAMEPAD_LABELS: Record<string, string> = {
   auto: "Automatic",
@@ -106,6 +110,24 @@ export const SettingsSection: FC = () => {
           </div>
         </RowActions>
       </Field>
+      <Field
+        label="Render scale"
+        description="Supersample for sharpness (> 1×, more bandwidth) or render below native (< 1×) — the Deck resamples to its screen"
+        childrenContainerWidth="max"
+      >
+        <RowActions>
+          <div style={selectShell}>
+            <Dropdown
+              rgOptions={RENDER_SCALES.map((x) => ({ data: x, label: renderScaleLabel(x) }))}
+              // Snap the stored value to the nearest preset so the dropdown always shows a match.
+              selectedOption={RENDER_SCALES.reduce((best, x) =>
+                Math.abs(x - (s.render_scale ?? 1)) < Math.abs(best - (s.render_scale ?? 1)) ? x : best,
+              )}
+              onChange={(o) => patch({ render_scale: o.data as number })}
+            />
+          </div>
+        </RowActions>
+      </Field>
       <SliderField
         label="Bitrate"
         description="Mbit/s · 0 = host default"

clients/linux/src/ui_settings.rs

@@ -17,6 +17,20 @@ const RESOLUTIONS: &[(u32, u32)] = &[
 ];
 /// `0` = the monitor's native refresh, resolved at connect.
 const REFRESH: &[u32] = &[0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 144, 165, 240];
+/// Render-scale multipliers (persisted as f64; mirrors [`punktfunk_core::render_scale::PRESETS`]).
+/// `1.0` = Native. Applied at connect and each match-window resize.
+const RENDER_SCALES: &[f64] = &[0.5, 0.67, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0];
+
+/// A compact label for a render-scale multiplier: "Native" / "1.5×" / "2× (supersample)".
+fn render_scale_label(scale: f64) -> String {
+    if scale == 1.0 {
+        "Native".to_string()
+    } else if scale > 1.0 {
+        format!("{scale}× (supersample)")
+    } else {
+        format!("{scale}×")
+    }
+}
 const GAMEPADS: &[&str] = &[
     "auto",
     "xbox360",
@@ -304,6 +318,18 @@ pub fn show(
         "",
         &hz_names.iter().map(String::as_str).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
     );
+    let scale_names: Vec<String> = RENDER_SCALES
+        .iter()
+        .map(|&s| render_scale_label(s))
+        .collect();
+    let scale_row = ChoiceRow::new(
+        &dialog,
+        inline,
+        "Render scale",
+        "Supersample for sharpness (> 1×, more bandwidth and decode) or render below native \
+         (< 1×) for a lighter host — this device resamples to the window",
+        &scale_names.iter().map(String::as_str).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+    );
     let bitrate_row = adw::SpinRow::with_range(0.0, 3000.0, 5.0);
     bitrate_row.set_title("Bitrate");
     bitrate_row.set_subtitle("Mbit/s · 0 = host default · run a speed test before going high");
@@ -346,6 +372,7 @@ pub fn show(
         .build();
     stream.add(res_row.widget());
     stream.add(hz_row.widget());
+    stream.add(scale_row.widget());
     stream.add(&bitrate_row);
     stream.add(compositor_row.widget());
     stream.add(decoder_row.widget());
@@ -500,6 +527,11 @@ pub fn show(
         res_row.set_selected(res_i as u32);
         let hz_i = REFRESH.iter().position(|&r| r == s.refresh_hz).unwrap_or(0);
         hz_row.set_selected(hz_i as u32);
+        let scale_i = RENDER_SCALES
+            .iter()
+            .position(|&x| (x - s.render_scale).abs() < 1e-6)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| RENDER_SCALES.iter().position(|&x| x == 1.0).unwrap());
+        scale_row.set_selected(scale_i as u32);
         bitrate_row.set_value(f64::from(s.bitrate_kbps) / 1000.0);
         let pad_i = GAMEPADS.iter().position(|&g| g == s.gamepad).unwrap_or(0);
         pad_row.set_selected(pad_i as u32);
@@ -545,6 +577,8 @@ pub fn show(
             RESOLUTIONS[res_i - 1]
         };
         s.refresh_hz = REFRESH[(hz_row.selected() as usize).min(REFRESH.len() - 1)];
+        s.render_scale =
+            RENDER_SCALES[(scale_row.selected() as usize).min(RENDER_SCALES.len() - 1)];
         s.bitrate_kbps = (bitrate_row.value() * 1000.0) as u32;
         s.gamepad = GAMEPADS[(pad_row.selected() as usize).min(GAMEPADS.len() - 1)].to_string();
         s.touch_mode =

clients/session/src/console.rs

@@ -175,6 +175,8 @@ pub fn run(target: Option<&str>) -> u8 {
         // Latched at console start (like the stats tier above): toggling Match window in
         // the console's settings screen applies from the next console launch.
         match_window: crate::session_main::match_window(&settings_at_start),
+        render_scale: settings_at_start.render_scale,
+        render_scale_max_dim: punktfunk_core::render_scale::max_dimension(&settings_at_start.codec),
     };
 
     let result =

clients/session/src/main.rs

@@ -127,6 +127,20 @@ mod session_main {
                 settings.refresh_hz
             },
         };
+        // Render scale: multiply the resolved mode (even + codec-clamped) so the host renders
+        // larger/smaller and the presenter resamples to the window. 1.0 = Native. Applied after the
+        // Native/explicit resolution so it composes uniformly with both.
+        let (sw, sh) = punktfunk_core::render_scale::apply(
+            mode.width,
+            mode.height,
+            settings.render_scale,
+            punktfunk_core::render_scale::max_dimension(&settings.codec),
+        );
+        let mode = Mode {
+            width: sw,
+            height: sh,
+            ..mode
+        };
         SessionParams {
             host: addr,
             port,
@@ -372,6 +386,8 @@ mod session_main {
             overlay: None,
             window_size: window_size(&settings),
             match_window: match_window(&settings),
+            render_scale: settings.render_scale,
+            render_scale_max_dim: punktfunk_core::render_scale::max_dimension(&settings.codec),
         };
 
         let outcome =

clients/windows/src/app/settings.rs

@@ -19,6 +19,20 @@ const RESOLUTIONS: &[(u32, u32)] = &[
 ];
 /// `0` = the display's native refresh, resolved at connect.
 const REFRESH: &[u32] = &[0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 144, 165, 240];
+/// Render-scale multipliers (persisted as f64; mirrors [`punktfunk_core::render_scale::PRESETS`]).
+/// `1.0` = Native. Applied at connect and each match-window resize.
+const RENDER_SCALES: &[f64] = &[0.5, 0.67, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0];
+
+/// A compact label for a render-scale multiplier: "Native" / "1.5×" / "2× (supersample)".
+fn render_scale_label(scale: f64) -> String {
+    if scale == 1.0 {
+        "Native".to_string()
+    } else if scale > 1.0 {
+        format!("{scale}\u{00D7} (supersample)")
+    } else {
+        format!("{scale}\u{00D7}")
+    }
+}
 /// Decode backend presets: `(stored value, display label)`.
 // A stored legacy "hardware" (the D3D11VA era) matches no preset, so the combo shows
 // Automatic — which is exactly how the session's decoder chain reads that value.
@@ -193,6 +207,24 @@ pub(crate) fn settings_page(
         s.refresh_hz = REFRESH[i];
     })
     .tooltip("\u{201C}Native\u{201D} resolves to this display's refresh rate at connect.");
+    let (scale_names, scale_i) = {
+        let names: Vec<String> = RENDER_SCALES
+            .iter()
+            .map(|&x| render_scale_label(x))
+            .collect();
+        let i = RENDER_SCALES
+            .iter()
+            .position(|&x| (x - s.render_scale).abs() < 1e-6)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| RENDER_SCALES.iter().position(|&x| x == 1.0).unwrap());
+        (names, i)
+    };
+    let scale_combo = setting_combo(ctx, "Render scale", scale_names, scale_i, |s, i| {
+        s.render_scale = RENDER_SCALES[i];
+    })
+    .tooltip(
+        "Supersample for sharpness (above 1\u{00D7}, more bandwidth and decode) or render below \
+         native (below 1\u{00D7}) for a lighter host \u{2014} this device resamples to the window.",
+    );
     let (comp_names, comp_i) = presets(COMPOSITORS, |v| *v == s.compositor);
     let comp_combo = setting_combo(ctx, "Host compositor", comp_names, comp_i, |s, i| {
         s.compositor = COMPOSITORS[i].0.to_string();
@@ -441,6 +473,7 @@ pub(crate) fn settings_page(
             settings_card(vec![
                 res_combo.into(),
                 hz_combo.into(),
+                scale_combo.into(),
                 fullscreen_toggle.into(),
                 comp_combo.into(),
             ]),